In the past 2 years I have been reading a lot of articles based on the travels of the tribes. A lot of theories have been born, but DNA does not lie and neither does blood.
Now, I am not as interested in the past 2,000 years as I am in the past 10,000 years, even though a few groups are new, highly rh negative, but their presence is a little more obvious than let’s say the origin of the Sami or Cherokees would be.
Unfortunately we have very little accurate data to go by and even though I am convinced that the 0 blood frequency amongst the Cherokees is likely highly negative, I have yet to see official reports.
But what we can do is look at the haplogroups and compare them to populations with high percentages of rh negatives and then get a little bit closer to what we want to prove beyond a reasonable doubt.
Now, let me start with the Guanches, because they would be the easiest to look at.
The Guanches are the natives of the Canary Island and the most frequent haplogroup amongst them is R1B which indicates strong Basque influence from the sailors who came to the Canary Islands and the second highest indicates Berber heritage.
It is believed that they migrated to the archipelago sometime between 1000 BCE and 100 BCE or perhaps earlier.
Due to the high migrations, the Guanches are now considered extinct, but of course, traces in the DNA are witnessing their original ancestry.
But let’s look back a lot further and see how the Berbers, Basques and Sami connect:
Clues come from the very same region the Basques and Gascons appear to be the original inhabitants of:
The area became culturally divided between the Mediterranean and the Atlantic subareas in the Neolithic period losing its homogeneity as the Eastern part incorporated strongly the Cardium Pottery culture, while the West remained less developed (subneolithic). Basques and Gascons are arguably the direct descendants of the peoples of the Atlantic area, who remained more closed (relatively) to the new tendencies from the Mediterranean and Central Europe.
Alessandro Achilli and colleagues noted that the Sami and the Berbers share U5b1b, which they estimated at 9,000 years old, and argued that this provides evidence for a radiation of the haplogroup from the Franco-Cantabrian refuge area of southwestern Europe.
Now the Sami language has been influenced so heavily by uralic languages, that it is hard to trace any origin through it, but again: The past is in the DNA itself.
In conclusion, this study is a paradigmatic example of the power of genetic inference in human-origin and evolutionary studies. It shows that mtDNA data—in this case, at the highest possible level of molecular resolution—can be used not only to evaluate models proposed by other disciplines and based on the direct survey of ancient material but also to identify previously unknown links between populations and geographic areas. Thus, the study of human genetics directly fosters the development of new research avenues in paleontology, archaeology, linguistics, and history.
But let’s go back to the Sami, who are also the population highest featuring the HLA-B27 group.
Other groups high on the list for HLA-B27 include Gypsies, Parsi (the original population of Iran and with it various parts of India to which they have fled to escape Arab persecution) and the people of Southern Ireland.
Pharao Ramses was said to have B negative blood which also is exceptionally high amongst the Gypsies and Parsi and his DNA tested for HLA-B27. Aside from that, the Berbers consider themselves the original Egyptians kicked out by the Arab invaders which could be part of the hesitation within the Egyptian government to release all DNA and blood tests performed on the mummies.
The world’s highest chained carousel, located in Vienna, at a height of 117 meters.
Thor’s Well a/k/a ”the gates of the dungeon” on Cape Perpetua, Oregon. At moderate tide and strong surf, flowing water creates a fantastic landscape
Emerald Lake in the crater of an extinct volcano. Tongariro National Park – NewZealand
Restaurant on a cliff on the east coast of Zanzibar.
Depending on the tide the restaurant can be reached both on foot and by boat.
Office of Selgas Cano in Madrid
Desert with Phacelia (Scorpion Weed). Flowering once in several years.
Balloons in Cappadocia.
Dubai. The view from the skyscraper BurjKhalifa. The height of buildings is 828 m (163 floors).
And this is the view down
These trees grow in the forest near Gryfino, Poland. The cause of the curvature is unknown
The border between Belgium and the Netherlands in a cafe
Twice a year in the Gulf of Mexico rays migrate. About 10 thousand stingrays swim from the Yucatan Peninsula to Florida in the spring and back in the fall.
In the resort town of Skagen you can watch an amazing natural phenomenon. This city is the northernmost point of Denmark, where the Baltic and North Seas meet. The two opposing tides in this place can not merge because they have different densities.
In the Chinese province of Shandong is a bridge across the Gulf of Jiaozhou. The bridge length over 36 km is calculated for eight car lanes, and is the longest sea bridge in the world.
Day and night. The monument in Kaunas, Lithuania
An unusual tunnel in California’s Sequoia National Park
This statue, created by Bruno Catalano, is located in France
Family photo
The longest traffic jam in the world recorded in China. Its length is 260 kilometers
Paris computer games store. In fact, the floor is absolutely flat.
Marcus Levine – slaughtering an artist in the literal sense. He creates his paintings by nailing a white wooden panel. At his latest series of paintings exhibited in a gallery in London, Marcus has spent more than 50 000 pieces of iron.
In the city of Buford (USA) lives just one person. He works as a janitor and as a mayor.
Autumn camouflage
Haus Rizzi – Germany.
Lena Pillars. Russia, the Lena River.
Banpo Bridge in Seoul, South Korea
Favelas of Brazil. The boundary between wealth and poverty.
Lost paradise in the Indian Ocean. Isle of Lamu.
Balcony of floor 103 in Chicago.
From the outside it looks like
View of the sunset from inside the wave.
This is a unique geological phenomenon known as Danxia landform. These phenomena can be observed in several places in China. This example is located in Zhangye, Province of Gansu. The color is the result of an accumulation for millions of years of red sandstone and other rocks.
Это d
In northwestern Montana, USA. The water is so transparent that it seems that this is a quite shallow lake. In fact, it’s very deep.
Airport in the Maldives is located on an artificial island in the middle of the Indian Ocean
Lighthouse guard in Mare, France must be one of the most courageous people on the planet!
Not everyone will have a smoke in such weather, and in such a place!
Photo of storm in Montana, USA, 2010
Skyscraper-Crescent Crescent Moon Tower (Dubai)
Heavy fog in Sydney, which enveloped the whole city
The river above the river: Magdeburg Water Bridge, Germany.
Morning Glory – kind of clouds observed in the Gulf of Carpentaria in northern Australia
Gibraltar Airport is one of the most extraordinary airports around the world
Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza (born January 25, 1922) is an American-Italian population geneticist born in Genoa, who has been a professor at Stanford University since 1970 (now emeritus).
One of the more distinguished geneticists of the 20th century, he has summed up his work for laymen under five topics covered in Genes, Peoples, and Languages (2000). Physiologist and evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond praised the work for “demolishing scientists’ attempts to classify human populations into races in the same way that they classify birds and other species into races.” According to an article published in The Economist, the work of Cavalli-Sforza “challenges the assumption that there are significant genetic differences between human races, and indeed, the idea that ‘race’ has any useful biological meaning at all.” (The Human Genome Survey, 1 July 2000, pg. 11)
Cavalli-Sforza’s The History and Geography of Human Genes (1994 with Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza) is a standard reference on human genetic variation. Cavalli-Sforza also wrote The Great Human Diasporas: The History of Diversity and Evolution (with his son Francesco).
Once the genetic structure of inheritance had been made plain, Cavalli-Sforza was one of the first scientists to ask whether the genes of modern populations might contain an inherited historical record of the human species. The study of demographics was already well-established, based on linguistic, cultural, and archaeological clues, but it had become overlaid with nationalist and racist ideologies. Cavalli-Sforza initiated a new field of research by combining the concrete findings of demography with a newly-available analysis of blood groups in an actual human population.
Cavalli-Sforza has studied the connections between migration patterns and blood groups.
His papers in the mid-1960s with Anthony Edwards pioneered statistical methods for reconstructing evolutionary trees (phylogenies). They introduced the first parsimony method, which searched for the tree that connected the populations with the least change in gene frequencies.[citation needed] They also were first to use maximum likelihood methods to estimate phylogenies. They had an early distance matrix method as well. In effect, their work in 1963-1964 introduced two of the three major numerical methods for reconstructing phylogenies, with distance matrix methods having also been introduced by Walter Fitch.[citation needed] Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza were always concerned with trees of populations within the human species, where genetic differences are affected both by treelike patterns of historical separation of populations and by spread of genes among populations by migration and admixture. Cavalli-Sforza has been concerned with the effects of both divergence and migration on human gene frequencies.
While Cavalli-Sforza is best known for his work in genetics, he also, in collaboration with Marcus Feldman, initiated the sub-discipline of cultural anthropology known alternatively as coevolution, gene-culture coevolution, cultural transmission theory or dual inheritance theory. The seminal publication Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach (1981) made use of models from population genetics to investigate the transmission of culturally transmitted units. This line of inquiry initiated research into the correlation of patterns of genetic and cultural dispersion.
Cavalli-Sforza received his M.D. from the University of Pavia in 1944. His post-war studies at Cambridge in the area of bacterial genetics were followed by years of teaching in northern Italy, in Milan, Parma, and Pavia, and a move in 1970 to Stanford, where he found the intellectual culture more open-ended and cooperative, and where he has remained.
SOURCE: WIKIPEDIA (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Luca_Cavalli-Sforza)
A Database Management System is a kind of system software that facilitates the use of integrated collected data files and records, also known as databases. The system helps different users in an organization or company to use the same database easily according to their different needs. It is basically an electronic filing system that involves various systems like electronic production, storage and retrieval of files.
Each system has a standard of how the data is entered. What are the specification of the information, and what is mandatory to enter to complete the information? Each system also determines who the owner of the database is and who is allowed to make commands to bring changes into the database.
Big as well as small businesses and organization need to handle a load of information. Owners of the businesses and business operators would need access to a reliable data management software. The data management system is the best solution today to help in filing, securing, retrieving and also sharing information.
Data management system has become an indispensable part of organizations and businesses today. Advanced techniques used for data capture like electronic scanning, electronic imaging help strengthen the entire business process. To help you set up your database management solution, contact Neil Haboush.
Basque immigrants flocked to the American West from the late 1880s through the mid-1960s. The pioneers operated boarding houses, built handball courts and started businesses in places such as San Francisco, Mountain Home, Idaho, Jordan Valley, Oregon and Salt Lake City. Many of the buildings that housed those enterprises still stand today – a testament to the entrepreneurial spirit of the Basque people.
The yellow of the sails also recalls the colour formerly associated with the French fleur de lis. In addition to symbolizing action and progress, the sails bring to mind French explorers, as well as the Basque, Breton and French fishermen who crossed the Atlantic ocean as early as the sixteenth century to fish the waters off Newfoundland. A spruce twig on the topsail stands for the mainland portion of the province, while the pitcher plant of the lower sail represents the island portion. The diagonal lines separating the red, white and blue sections of the flag evoke the vitality of Newfoundland’s French-speaking population (Harrington 141-143).
Newfoundland and Labrador’s francophone community and its culture derive from a unique mix of influences and immigrants from Quebec, Acadia, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Brittany and the Basque Country, much of it predating Newfoundland’s admission as a Canadian province in 1949.[3] Some aspects of the community’s unique culture, however, have been lost or threatened as the community became more closely integrated into the mainstream of French Canadian culture and society after 1949.[4]
The sails represent early Basque, Breton, and French fishermen that came to the area in 1504. At the same time, they are symbols of action and progress. The yellow is taken from the star of the Acadian flag. The spruce twig is the emblem of Labrador and is also found on the Labrador flag. Newfoundland and Labrador’s provincial flower is the insect-eating pitcher plant.
The history of the world according to the Basques
Are you baffled by Europe’s most intractable independence movement? Then you just don’t appreciate the uniqueness of Euskadi, says Mark Kurlansky
February 2005
According to a popular Bilbao joke, a Bilbaino walks into a store and asks for “a world map of Bilbao” The shop owner unflinchingly answers, “left bank or right?” This is The Basque History of the World because Basques at times think they are the world. They feel inexplicably secure about their place among nations. But more important, Basques, while they are protecting their unique and separate identity, always endeavour to be in the world.
No word less describes Basques than the term separatist, a term they refuse to use. If they are an island, it is an island where bridges are constantly being built to the mainland.
Considering how small a group the Basques are, they have made remarkable contributions to world history. In the Age of Exploration they were the explorers who connected Europe to North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. At the dawn of capitalism they were among the first capitalists, experimenting with tariff-free international trade and the use of competitive pricing to break monopolies. Early in the industrial revolution they became leading industrialists: shipbuilders, steelmakers, and manufacturers. Today, in the global age, even while clinging to their ancient tribal identity, they are ready for a borderless world.
We live in an age of vanishing cultures, perhaps even vanishing nations. To be a Frenchman, to be an American, is a limited notion. Educated people do not practise local customs or eat local food. Products are flown around the world. We are losing diversity but gaining harmony. Those who resist this will be left behind by history, we are told.
But the Basques are determined to lose nothing that is theirs, while still embracing the times, cyberspace included. They have never been a quaint people and have managed to be neither backward nor assimilated. Their food, that great window into cultures, shows this. With an acknowledged genius for cooking, they pioneered the use of products from other parts of the world. But they always adapted them, made them Basque.
ETXEA
A central concept in Basque identity is belonging, not only to the Basque people but to a house, known in the Basque language as etxea. Etxea or echea is one of the most common roots of Basque surnames. Etxaberria means “new house,” etxazarra means “old house,” etxaguren is “the far side of the house,” etxarren means “stone house.” There are dozens of these last names referring to ancestral rural houses. The name Javier comes from Xavier or Xabier, short for etxaberria.
A house stands for a clan. Though most societies at some stage had clans, the Basques have preserved this notion because the Basques preserve almost everything. Each house has a tomb for the members of the house and an etxekandere, a spiritual head, a woman who looks after blessings and prayers for all house members wherever they are, living or dead.
These houses, often facing east to greet the rising sun, with Basque symbols and the name of the house’s founder carved over the doorway, always have names, because the Basques believe that naming something proves its existence. Izena duen guzia omen da (that which has a name exists).
THE MYTH
The Basques seem to be a mythical people, almost an imagined people. Their ancient culture is filled with undated legends and customs. Their land itself, a world of red-roofed, whitewashed towns, tough green mountains, rocky crests, a cobalt sea that turns charcoal in stormy weather, a strange language, and big berets, exists on no maps except their own.
Basqueland begins at the Adour river with its mouth at Bayonne – the river that separates the Basques from the French swampland of Landes – and ends at the Ebro river, whose rich valley separates the dry red Spanish earth of Rioja from Basqueland. Basqueland looks too green to be Spain and too rugged to be France. The entire area is only 8,218 square miles, which is slightly smaller than New Hampshire.
Within this small space are seven Basque provinces. Four provinces are in Spain and have Basque and Spanish names: Nafaroa or Navarra, Gipuzkoa or Guipuzcoa, Bizkaia or Vizcaya, and Araba or Alava.
Three are in France and have Basque and French names: Lapurdi or Labourd, Benafaroa or Basse Navarre, and Zuberoa or Soule.
An old form of Basque nationalist graffiti is “4 + 3 = l.”
As with most things pertaining to Basques, the provinces are defined by language. There are seven dialects of the Basque language, though there are sub-dialects within some of the provinces. In the Basque language, which is called Euskera, there is now word for Basque. The only word to identify a member of their group is euskaldan – Euskera speaker. Their land is called Euskal Herria – the land of the Euskera speakers. It is language that defines a Basque.
The central mystery is: Who are the Basques? The early Basques left no written records, and the first accounts of them, two centuries after the Romans arrived in 218BC, give the impression that they were already an ancient – or at least not a new – people. Artefacts predating this time that have been found in the area – a few tools, drawings in caves, and the rudiments of ruins – are not proven to have been made by Basques, though it is supposed that at least some of them were.
Ample evidence exists that the Basques are a physically distinct group. There is a Basque type with a long straight nose, thick eyebrows, strong chin, and long earlobes. Even today, sitting in a bar in a mountainous river valley town like Tolosa, watching men play mus, a popular card game, one can see a similarity in the faces despite considerable intermarriage. Personalities carve very different visages, but over and over again, from behind a hand of cards, the same eyebrows, chin, and nose can be seen.
The identical dark navy wool berets a so many men wear seem to showcase the long Basque ears sticking out of the sides. In past eras, when Spaniards and French were typically fairly small people, Basque men were characteristically larger, thick-chested, broad-shouldered and burly. Because these were also characteristics of Cro-Magnons, Basques are often thought to he direct descendants of this man who lived 40,000 years ago.
THE PROBLEM
When the Basques first began appearing on the stage of recorded history, even before there was a name for them, they were observed playing out the same roles that they have been playing ever since: defending their land and culture, making complex choices about the degree of independence that was needed to preserve their way of life, while looking to the rest of the world for commercial opportunities to ensure their prosperity.
Long before the Romans gave the Basques a name, a great many people attempted to invade the mountains of what is now Basqueland, and they all met with fierce resistance. The invaders were Indo-Europeans intending to move into the Iberian peninsula. It seems to have been acceptable to the indigenous people that these invaders pass through on their path to the conquest of Iberia. But if they tried to settle in these, northern mountains, they would encounter a ferocious enemy.
GURE
The most important word in Euskera is gure. It means “our” – our people, our home, our village. Cookbooks talk of our soups, our sauces. “Reptiles are not typically included in our meals,” wrote the great Guipuzcoan chef, Jose Maria Busca Isusi. That four-letter word, gure, is at the centre of Basqueness – the feeling of belonging inalienably to a group. It is what the Basques mean by a nation, why they have remained a nation without a country, even stripped of their laws.
THE NATION
Whatever the feelings in the rest of Spain, a united Europe is an idea that resonates with Basques. although they are not always happy with the way this new giant Europe is run.
To the left, it seems too friendly to corporations and not open to individuals and small business. The dichotomy between large and free, which [Victor] Hugo promised would not exist, sometimes seems a reality. But the idea of not having a border through their middle, of Europeans being borderless and tariffless partners, seems to many Basques to be what they call “a natural idea”.
“If Europe works, our natural region will be reinforced,” said the writer Daniel Landart. Ramon Labayen said: “The European Union represses artificial barriers.” Asked what he meant by an artificial barrier, he said, “Cultures are not barriers. Borders are barriers.”
The borders around Basqueland endure because they are cultural, not political.
[Basque leader] Arzalluz said, “The concept of a state is changing. They have given up their borders, are giving up their money. We are not fighting for a Basque state but to be a new European state.” A 1998 poll in Spanish Basqueland showed that 88 percent wanted to circumvent Madrid and have direct relations with the European Union.
In the idealised new Europe, economies are merged, citizenship is merged. But those who support the idea deny that countries will be eliminated. There will simply be a new idea of a nation – a nation that maintains its own culture and identity while being economically linked and politically loyal to a larger state. Some 1,800 years ago, the Basques told the Roman Empire that this was what they wanted. Four centuries ago, they told it to Ferdinand of Aragon. They have told it to Francois Mitterrand and Felipe Gonzalez and King Juan Carlos.
They watch Europe unfolding and wonder what has happened to their old adversaries. Most of the political leaders endorse the new Europe whether their citizens do or not. The Basques watch the French and Spanish give up their borders and their currency and wonder why it is so easy for them.
Why didn’t Mitterrand worry about the “fabric of the nation being torn”? Why does Madrid not worry about losing its sovereignty? And if they do not worry about these things, why do they feel threatened by the Basques? The Basques are not isolationists. They never wanted to leave Europe. They only wanted to be Basque. Perhaps it is the French and the Spanish, relative newcomers, who will disappear in another 1,000 years.
But the Basques will still be there, playing strange sports, speaking a language of ks and xs that no one else understands, naming their houses and facing them toward the eastern sunrise in a land of legends, on steep green mountains by a cobalt sea — still surviving, enduring by the grace of what Juan San Martin called euskaldun bizi nahia, the will to live like a Basque.
Extract from ‘The Basque History of the World’, by Mark Kurlansky, published by Random House
CONTRIBUTIONS TO GLOBAL CULTURE
SEBASTIAN ELCANO
(1476-1526), mariner, first to circumnavigate globe, showing the world was round. Sailed with Magellan of Portugal, but completed three-year voyage after he was killed.
PELOTA VASCA
(or basque ball), also known as jai alai, is the world’s fiercest, noisiest, most claustrophobic ball game. It is played against a high enclosed wall (or fronton), and has been exported to North and South America.
MIGUEL DE UNAMUNO
(1864-1936) – scholar and poet, famously defied fascist general Millan Astray, saying: “Vencera pero no convencera” (You’ll win but you won’t convince); sacked as rector of Salamanca University and died months later, a broken man.
EUROPE’S FIRST DEMOCRACY
Basques claim to have pioneered Europe’s first democratic assembly a thousand years ago when farmers and herdsmen demanded that kings of Spain recognise their rights beneath an old oak at Gernika (Guernica). The tree was felled last year after it died in August.
ST IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA
Founded Jesuits in 1534, canonised 1622. From ancient noble family. Lost leg when shot while defending Pamplona castle from French. Converted to Christianity after reading religious books; wrote a book on “spiritual exercises”. Imprisoned by the Inquisition for “promoting dangerous doctrines”.
DANTZARI
Men clad in white who execute high-kicking dances of honour and welcome at big Basque events. And bertzolari, poets who improvise emotional sung poems to crowds about whatever is going on, and whose challenge is matched by others in the audience who sing back.
BASQUE BERET
The flat black floppy hat beloved of free thinkers worldwide. Known as a txapela, essential protection against the siri-miri, the insistent leaden drizzle that hangs in the valleys and seeps into your clothes and your bones.
CUISINE
The French cross the Pyrenees to sample pastries and the traditional dish of sheep cheese with black cherry jam, left. Basque cooks are famed worldwide, their restaurants laden with Michelin stars. Specialities include salt cod or bacalao (whose invention is hotly contested by the Portuguese).
BIZARRE RURAL COMPETITIONS
Stone-lifting, log-chopping and other bizarre rural competitions. Champions capable of lifting cubes of granite the size of a fridge, or reducing huge tree trunks to flying splinters in seconds, are hailed as local heroes.
DELORES IBARRURI, LA PASSIONARA (1895-1989)
The communist leader in the Spanish civil war who was renowned for his fiery speeches, swearing “we would rather die on our feet that live on our knees” and the slogan “No pasaran” – They shall not pass
Equal Rights or Feminism? Do the Basques get it right?
One of the problems in Western society is that division keeps a healthy society from growing.
While feminist movements manage to enrage people, solutions never follow.
The Basques however seem to have traditionally speaking been able to keep their society peaceful and intact and one of the things that stands out is the role of the women in their domestic economy.
You see:
In the Basque culture the men traditionally cook and the women tend to be in charge of business.
It really makes sense, because if the husband doesn’t like the food, he gets bitter and when he messes up the finances, she gets upset.
A widespread belief that Basque society was originally matriarchal seems to conflict with the clearly patrilinear character of known family inheritance structures. There have been attempts to reconcile these points by assuming that the latter represents an innovation. In any case, the social position of women in both traditional and modern Basque society is somewhat better than in neighbouring cultures, and women have a substantial influence in decisions about the domestic economy. In the past, some women participated in collective magical ceremonies, and were key participants in a rich folklore, today largely forgotten.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people
Bullen provides an overview of gender theory, then focuses on Basque women as agents of cultural transmission in the context of the nationalist movement, and in the diaspora. The myths surrounding Basque matriarchy and the extent of women’s rule fixed in a mythical past are questioned. While the powerful mother figure has a vital role in handing down Basque language and culture, contemporary women are also breaking old stereotypes and carving out new niches for themselves, at times coming into conflict with the force of tradition. Distributed for the Center for Basque Studies.
ICELAND. No news from Iceland?… why? How come we hear everything that happens in Egypt but no news about what’s happening in Iceland:
…
In Iceland, the people has made the government resign, the primary banks have been nationalized, it was decided to not pay the debt that these created with Great Britain and Holland due to their bad financial politics and a public assembly has been created to rewrite the constitution.
And all of this in a peaceful way. A whole revolution against the powers that have created the current global crisis. This is why there hasn’t been any publicity during the last two years: What would happen if the rest of the EU citizens took this as an example? What would happen if the US citizens took this as an example.
This is a summary of the facts:
2008. The main bank of the country is nationalized.
The Krona, the currency of Iceland devaluates and the stock market stops. The country is in bankruptcy
2008. The citizens protest in front of parliament and manage to get new elections that make the resignation of the prime minister and his whole government.
The country is in bad economic situation.
A law proposes paying back the debt to Great Britain and Holland through the payment of 3,500 million euros, which will be paid by the people of Iceland monthly during the next 15 years, with a 5.5% interest.
2010. The people go out in the streets and demand a referendum. In January 2010 the president denies the approval and announces a popular meeting.
In March the referendum and the denial of payment is voted in by 93%. Meanwhile the government has initiated an investigation to bring to justice those responsible for the crisis, and many high level executives and bankers are arrested. The Interpol dictates an order that make all the implicated parties leave the country.
In this crisis an assembly is elected to rewrite a new Constitution which can include the lessons learned from this, and which will substitute the current one (a copy of the Danish Constitution).
25 citizens are chosen, with no political affiliation, out of the 522 candidates. For candidacy all that was needed was to be an adult and have the support of 30 people. The constitutional assembly starts in February of 2011 to present the ‘carta magna’ from the recommendations given by the different assemblies happening throughout the country. It must be approved by the current Parliament and by the one constituted through the next legislative elections.
So in summary of the Icelandic revolution:
-resignation of the whole government
-nationalization of the bank.
-referendum so that the people can decide over the economic decisions.
-incarcerating the responsible parties
-rewriting of the constitution by its people
Have we been informed of this through the media?
Has any political program in radio or TV commented on this?
No! The Icelandic people have been able to show that there is a way to beat the system and has given a democracy lesson to the world
More here: http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=375757415794484&set=a.148107701892791.23154.148089545227940&type=1&ref=nf
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