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Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt – The Most Complete and Detailed Timeline

The arragement of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt into dynasties is based upon the History which the Egyptian priest Manetho prepared under Ptolemy II in the third century B.C.

The Dynastic Lists have come down to us in the somewhat differing versions of the Christian writers Africanus and Eusebius of the third century A.D. while other passages of the History have been preserved in the work of Flavius Josephus of the first century A.D. (see W. G. Waddell, Manetho, The Loeb Classical Library, 1948).

Several Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt lists, such as those which must have been employed by Manetho in preparing his History, have fortunately survived.

Period

Prehistoric

• Before 4000: settlements in the Fayum, at Merimde-Beni-Salame and El Omari in Lower Egypt and at Tasa and Badari in Upper Egypt.
• 4000 B.C. to 3200 B.C.: the emergence from the stone age with the practical use of hardened copper.

  • Amratian: also called Early Predynastic or Naqadah I: Petrie’s Sequence Dates (SD 30-40)
  • Cerzean: also called Naqadah II
    Early Gerzean (SD 40-50): corresponds to Middle Predynastic.
    Late Gerzean (SD 50-79): includes the ill-defined corpus of objects former¬ly termed Semainean or Late Predynastic and the transitional period leading up to Dynasty I sometimes called Protodynastic (including King Scorpion).

Archaic Period: 3200 to 2680 B.C.

• • • Narmer
    • Aha

  Menas
  Zer (Ity): 19 + years
  Zet
  Wedymu (Khasety)
  Az-ib (Mer-pa-ba): 20 + years
  Semerkhet (Shemsu ?): 9 years
  Qay-a (Sen-mu)

  Ra-neb
  Hetep-sekhemuwy
  Netery-mu (Ny-neter): 22 + years
  Peribsen (Sekhern-ib Per-en-maat)
  Sened
  Khasekhem
  Khasekhemuwy: 17 years
  
  Sa-nekht
  Neterkhet (Zoser)
  Sekhem-khet
  Kha-ba (Tety
  Neb-ka (Neb-ka-ra)
  Huni (Hu): 24 years
  

Dynasty I: 3200-2980 B.C.


Dynasty II: 2980-2780 B.C.

Dynasty III: 2780-2680 B.C.

Old Kingdom: 2680 to 2258 B.C.

• Sneferu: 24 years
  Cheops (Khufu): 23 years
  Radedef: 8 years
  Chephren (Khafra): 25 (?) years
  Bikheris: 1 (?) year
  Mycerinus (Menkaura): 28 (?) years
  Shepseskaf: 4 years
  Thampthis: 2 years
  
  Weserkaf: 7 years
  Sahura: 14 years
  Neferirkara: 10 years
  Shepseskara (Isy): 7 years
  Neferefra: ? years
  Ne-user-ra: 30 (?) years
  Men-kau-hor: 8 years
  Isesy (Zedkara): 39 (?) years
  Unas: 30 years
  
  Tety: 12 years
  Weserkara: 1 (?) year
  Pepy I: 49 years: Mernera co-regent in Pepy’s 40th year.
  Mernera: 14 (?) years; 5 years of reign alone.
  Pepy II: 94 (?) years
  Mernera II: 1 year
  

Dynasty IV: 2680-2565 B.C.

Dynasty V: 2565-2420 B.C.

Dynasty VI: 2420-2258 B.C.

First Intermediate Period: 2258 to 2040 B.C.

• Khety I (Mer-ib-ra)
  13 kings of Turin Papyrus (including Khety II)
  
  • • • (who bore Horus names Se-ankh-ib-tawy, Neter-hedjet, Sema-tawy)

      Mentuhotep I (Tepy-aa)
      Intef I (Seher-tawy)
      Intef II (Wah-ankh): 2118-2068
      Intef III (Nekht-neb-tep-nefer): 2068-2061
      Mentuhotep II (Neb-hepet-ra): 2061-2040
      

    Dynasty XI in South: 2134-2040
    

  Contemporaneous with Dynasty X:
  

Dynasty VII: Interregnum

Dynasty VIII: (Memphite) 2258-2232

Dynasty IX: (Heracleopolitan) 2232-2140 B.C.

Dynasty X: (Heracleopolitan) 2140-2040 B.C.

Neferkara
Khety III (Wah-ka-ra)
Merikara
Khety IV (Neb-kau-ra)

Fall of Heracleopolis to Mentuhotep II: 2040

Middle Kingdom: 2040 to 1786 B.C.

• • Mentuhotep IV (Neb-tawy-ra): 1998-1991
    

  Mentuhotep II: 2040-2010
  Mentuhotep III (Se-ankh-kara): 2010-1998
  Civil wars plus short reign of
  

  Amenemhat I (Sehetep-ib-ra): 1991-1962
  Sesostris I (Kheper-ka-ra): 1971-1928
  Amenemhat II (Neb-kau-ra): 1929-1895
  Sesostris II (Kha-kheper-ra): 1897-1878
  Sesostris III (Kha-kau-ra): 1878-1842
  Amenemhat III (Ny-maat-ra): 1842-1797
  Amenemhat IV (Maat-kheru-ra): 1798-1789
  Queen Sebek-neferura: 1789-1786
  

Dynasty XI: United Egypt: 2040-1991

Dynasty XII: 1991-1786 B.C.

Second Intermediate Period: 1786 to 1570 B.C.

• Period of political disintegration: circa 30 kings
  
  Khian (Se-weser-en-ra)
  Apepi (Aa-weser-ra)
  Apepi (Neb-khepesh-ra)
  Aa-seh-ra
  Apepi (Aa-kenen-ra)
  
  Taa-aa
  Taa-ken (Sekenenra)
  Kamose (Waz-kheper-ra)
  

Dynasties XIII-XIV: 1786-1680

Dynasties XV-XVI (Hyksos): 1720-1570 B.C.
(Local rulers at Thebes forming Dynasty XVI)

Dynasty XV11: 1600-1570 B.C.

New Kingdom: 1570 to 1085 B.C.

• • Semenkhara
    Tut-ankh-amon
    Ay
    

  Ahmosel: 1570-1545
  Amenhotep I: 1545-1525
  Tuthmosis I: 1525-1508
  Tuthmosis II: 1508-1504
  Hatshepsut: 1504-1483
  Tuthmosis III: 1504-1450
  Amenhotep II: 1450-1423
  Tuthmosis IV: 1423-1410
  Amenhotep III: 1410-1372
  Akhenaten: 1372-1355
  Between 1355-1342

  • Siptah (Ramesses)
    Irsu (?)
    

  Horemheb: 1342-1314
  Ramesses I: 1314-1313
  Sety I: 1313-1301
  Ramesses II: 1301-1234
  Merenptah: 1234-1222
  Amen-meses: 1222
  Siptah (Merenptah): 1222-1216
  Sety II: 1216-1210
  From 1210-1197
  

  Sety-nekht: 1197-1195
  Ramesses III: 1195-1164
  Ramesses IV-XI: 1164-1085
  

Dynasty XVIII: 1570-1349

Dynasty XIX: 1342-1197

Dynasty XX: 1197-1085

Period of Decline: 1085 to 663 B.C.

• • Smendes
    Herihor (Thebes)
    
    Psusennes I (Pasebkhanu)
    Paynozem (Thebes)
    

  From 1054-1009
  From 1054-1009
  Amen-em-ipet: 1009-1000
  Sa-amon: 1000-984
  Psusennes II (Pasebkhanu): 984-950
  

  • • • Dates only approximate for following kings.
        Pedibast: 817-763
        Sheshonq IV: 763-757
        Osorkon III: 757-748
        Takelot III: 748-730
        Rud-amon: 748-730
        Osorkon IV: 748-730
        

      Dynasty XXIII: 817 (?)-730 B.C.

    Partly contemporaneous with Dynasty XXII:
    

  Sheshonql: 950-929
  Osorkon I: 929-893
  Takelot 1: 893-870
  Osorkon II: 870-847
  Sheshonq II: 847
  Takelot II: 847-823
  Sheshonq III: 823-772
  Pami: 772-767
  Sheshonq V: 767-730
  

  • • • Kashta
        Piankhy: 751-716:Conquest of Egypt: Circa 730
        Shabako: 716-701
        Shebitku: 701-690
        Taharqa:690-664
        Tanwetamani: 664-653
        

      Dynasty XXV: (Kushite: Ethiopian) 751-656 B.C.

    Partly contemporaneous with Dynasties XXIII—XXIV:
    

  Tef-nekht: 730-720
  Bocchoris (Bakenrenef): 720-715
  

Dynasty XXI: 1085-950 B.C.
(Tanite Dynasty; priest kings in Thebes)

Dynasty XXII: 950-730 B.C.:(Bubastite) Libyan kings

Dynasty XXIV: 730-715 B.C.

Assyrians in Egypt: 671 sack of Memphis under Esarhaddon; 663 sack of Thebes by Ashurbanipal; 658-651 Psamtik I gains control of country.

SAITE PERIOD: 663 to 525 B.C.

• Psamtik I (Wah-ib-ra): 663-609
  Necho (Nekau, Wehem-ib-ra): 609-594
  Psamtik II (Nefer-ib-ra): 594-588
  Apries (Haa-ib-ra): 588-568
  Amasis (Ahmes-sa-neith, Khnum-ib-ra): 568-525
  Psamtik III (Ankh-ka-en-ra): 525

Dynasty XXVI: 663-525 B.C.

Foreign Domination

Persian Period: 525 to 332 B.C.

• Cambyses: 525-522
  Darius I: 522-485
  Xerxes: 485-464
  Artaxerxes I: 464-424
  Darius II: 424-404
  
  Amyrtaios: 404-398
  
  Nepheritis I (Naifaaurud): 398-392
  Akhoris (Haker): 392-380
  Psammouthis (Psamut): 380-379
  Nepheritis II (Naifaaurud): 379-378
  
  Nectanebo I: (Nekht-nebef) 378-360

  Teos: 361-359
  Nectanebo II (Nekht-hor-heb): 359-341
  

  Artaxerxes III (Ochos): 341-338
  Arses: 338-335
  Darius III (Codoman): 335-330
  

Dynasty XXVII: 525-404 B.C. FIRST PERSIAN DOMINATION:

Dynasty XXVIII: 404-398 B.C.

Dynasty XXIX: 398-378 B.C.

Dynasty XXX: 378-341 B.C.

Dynasty XXXI: 341-332 B.C. SECOND PERSIAN DOMINATION:

Ptolemaic Period: 332-30 B.C.

• CleopatraV II
  
  Cleopatra VII
  
  Ptolemy XV (Caesarion)
  

Alexander the Great: 332-323
Ptolemy I (Soter): 323-283
Ptolemy II (Philadelphus): 283-246
Ptolemy III (Euergetes I): 246-221
Ptolemy IV (Philopator): 221-205
Ptolemy V (Epiphanes): 205-180
Ptolemy VI (Philometor) 180-145
Ptolemy VII (Neos Philopator): 145 (Eupator also in 145)
Ptolemy VIII (Euergetes II): 145-116
Ptolemy IX (Soter II): 116-108, 88-80
Ptolemy X (Alexander): 108-88
Ptolemy XI (Alexander): 80
Ptolemy XII (Auletes): 80-51
Ptolemy XIII: 51-48
Ptolemy XIV: 47-44
Cleopatra VII: 43(?)-30

Roman period: 30 B.C. to A.D. 324 (Accession of Constantine)

Byzantine or Coptic Period: A.D. 324-640.

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